SMART GREEN CITIES IN PERAK: THE ROLE OF LOCAL AUTHORITIES IN LOW-CARBON TRANSITION

Abstract

This study investigates the interplay between local authority initiatives (PBT) and Doughnut Economy principles in driving Smart Green City development across selected municipalities in Perak, Malaysia. Using a quantitative framework supported by Structural Equation Modelling (SEM), the research evaluates the direct and mediating effects of these variables on urban sustainability outcomes. Empirical results reveal that local authority initiatives (PBT) exert the strongest direct influence on Smart Green City success, with a standardized beta coefficient of β = 0.671, indicating a substantial positive effect. The model demonstrates strong explanatory power, with an R² value of 0.642 and an adjusted R² of 0.635, confirming that over 64% of the variance in Smart Green City outcomes is accounted for by the predictors. Doughnut Economy principles contribute a partial mediating effect, reinforcing the importance of embedding ecological ceilings and social foundations into urban planning. These findings support a dual-framework approach, one that strengthens institutional governance while integrating regenerative and inclusive values. The study concludes that Smart Green City development is not merely a technical endeavour but a transformative process rooted in equity, resilience, and long- term stewardship. By situating this analysis within the Malaysian context, the research offers both theoretical depth and actionable insights for policymakers, urban planners, and sustainability advocates seeking integrated models for low-carbon, inclusive urban transitions.